Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) vs. Building Attached Photovoltaics (BAPV): balance between energy production and architectural design

Abstract

The European Performance Building Directive (Directive 2010/31 EU) on energy efficiency presents an efficient, rational and sustainable use of energy which involves the use of renewable resources and conceives buildings not only as energy consumers,but also as energy generators. In this area, photovoltaic technology is used largely on buildings due to its versatility and continuous development. However, installed systems prioritize energy generation while ignoring aesthetic considerations and thus often creating a negative visual impact. These concepts have been developed in numerous publications popularizing the terms “Building Integrated Photovoltaics” (BIPV) and “Building Attached Photovoltaics” (BAPV), where the main difference is that BIPV has a dual functionality: replacing the conventional elements of construction and generating energy. An analysis of the building integration potential considering both the energy generation and the aesthetic architectural harmony of photovoltaic systems is presented in this article. The balance between optimization of electricity generation and the integration into the building is quantified in several case studies. The thermal insulation potential based on the use of photovoltaic panels as cladding and roofing material and its subsequent potential for energy saving is also considered.