Films activos para el envasado de alimentos a base de ácido Poliláctico (PLA) y almidón

Resumen

Biodegradable active films based on poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and starch were developed and characterized as to their functional and structural properties, using the bilayer film strategy, in order to obtain materials that better meet the food packaging requirements. Plasticization of semicrystalline PLA was analysed by using three different biodegradable compounds to enhance the PLA mechanical performance. Likewise, cinnamaldehyde was incorporated to PLA-starch bilayer films and their antimicrobial properties and release kinetics in food simulants were analysed. Semicrystalline and amorphous PLA and cassava starch (S) were used to obtain the films. Semicrystalline PLA and S were processed by melt blending and compression moulding, whereas amorphous PLA films were obtained by casting the ethyl acetate solution of the polymer, with and without cinnamaldehyde. Bilayer films were obtained by compression moulding of amorphous PLA layers with starch sheets, while semicrystalline PLA sheets were also used in bilayers for comparison purposes. The analyses of crystallization behaviour and glass transition of neat and plasticized semicrystalline PLA films revealed an increase in the crystallinity, along with a reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg), in line with the rise in plasticizer concentration in every case. Despite the decrease in Tg, the tensile test did not reflect an enhancement of the film elongation capacity, in comparison to the non-plasticized polymer. Likewise, plasticizers did not reduce the film elastic modulus due to the greater induced crystallinity. On the basis of these results, a more extensible material, amorphous PLA, was considered to obtain PLA-starch bilayer films, taking advantage of the complementary barrier properties of both polymers and the high mechanical resistance of PLA. Despite the lower ratio of PLA sheet in the starch bilayer assembly (about 1/3 of the film thickness), a great improvement in tensile and water vapour barrier properties was achieved with respect to the neat starch films, the films maintaining high transparency and oxygen permeability as low as that of starch films. When cinnamaldehyde was included in the cast PLA sheet, films became thinner due to the losses of the volatile active during processing, but the improvement in barrier properties was maintained, with lower mechanical resistance. Thermal analyses revealed diffusion of cinnamaldehyde or low molecular weight compounds from the amorphous PLA layer to the adhered sheets (starch or semicrystalline PLA) which contributed to their plasticization and reduced the PLA crystallization. Antimicrobial activity of the cinnamaldehyde-loaded films against Gram- (Escherichia coli) and Gram+ (Listeria innocua) bacteria was tested through in vitro tests. Both amorphous PLA monolayers and starch-PLA bilayers were effective at controlling the bacterial growth, thus indicating that the active amount released into the growth medium exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both bacteria, despite the losses of the active compound during the film processing. In contrast, PLA-cinnamaldehyde loaded PLA bilayer films did not show antimicrobial activity. The analysis of the release kinetics of cinnamaldehyde from the films to the different food simulants revealed differing behaviours of the active compound delivery, depending on both films and food simulants. PLA bilayer films exhibited the slowest cinnamaldehyde release and the predicted amount delivered into the aqueous culture medium did not reach the MIC, explaining the lack of antimicrobial effect of these films. Therefore, the developed bilayer films based on amorphous PLA and starch represent an interesting strategy to obtain high barrier-highly resistant packaging films, with active properties when they include cinnamaldehyde as antimicrobial compound.